Abstracts of Papers Presented at the ASHE Annual Meeting

2-5 November 1995

Orlando, Florida

Each year contributors at the annual meeting are requested to submit their papers for review and possible inclusion in a special ERIC collection of ASHE presentations. Included in this issue of The Review are summaries of selected papers. These papers are indexed in the Resources in Education (RIE) Subject Index under "ASHE Annual Meeting" with a publication date of 1995.

Microfiche (MF) or paper copies (PC) of individual papers can be ordered through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (7420 Fullerton Road, Suite 100, Springfield, VA 22153-2852). VISA and MasterCard orders will be accepted at 1-800-443-ERIC. Prices quoted are not postpaid.

John D. Burton
DePaul University

The Harvard Tutors: The Beginning of an Academic Profession, 1690-1770. Examines the changing role of tutors at Harvard University in the 17th and 18th centuries. Traces the impact of those changes on (a) the professionalization of college instruction and (b) the separation of the teaching profession from that of the ministry. (ERIC ED 391 401, 25 pp., MF $1.34, PC $3.97 + postage.)

Michael T. Nettles, Laura W. Perna
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Sex and Race Differences in Faculty Salaries, Tenure, Rank, and Productivity: Why, on Average, Do Women, African Americans, and Hispanics Have Lower Salaries, Tenure and Rank? Examines the salary, status, and productivity of 8,114 male and female faculty members from five racial groups, Finds that, even after controlling for experience, education, productivity, and institutional characteristics, women's salaries are 11.3% lower than men's. Women, Blacks, and Hispanics are also less likely to be tenured. (ERIC ED 391 402, 48 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.) [End Page 229]

Peg Boyle, Bob Boyce
State University of New York, Stony Brook

The Structure of Good Beginnings: The Early Experiences of Graduate Students. Proposes a four-element model for the success of graduate students focused on (a) immersion in research activities, (b) academic regimen and planning, (c) social management, and (d) self-management. Evaluates 40 first-year graduate students and finds that departmental climate had a significant impact on student success. (ERIC ED 391 403, 16 pp., MF $1.34, PC $3.97 + postage.)

Linda Serra Hagedorn
University of Illinois, Chicago

Wage Equity and Female Faculty Job-Satisfaction: The Role of Wage Differentials in a Job Satisfaction Causal Model. Examines the role of female/male wage differentials in a model of job satisfaction with 5,021 college faculty. Finds that as gender-based wage differentials increase, global job satisfaction of female faculty decreases. (ERIC ED 391 404, 52 pp., MF $1.34, PC $11.91 + postage.)

Adrianna Kezar
University of Michigan

Pilot Studies: Beginning the Hermeneutic Circle. Discusses the importance of pilot studies in the development and implementation of a research project in the context of Heidegger's hermeneutic circle. Applies concepts to conceptual framework, research focus and goals, and methodology of a pilot study on inclusive higher education leadership models. (ERIC ED 391 405, 30 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Daniel T. Layzell, J. Kent Caruthers
University of Wisconsin System

Performance Funding at the State Level: Trends and Prospects. Reviews the concept of performance funding (PF) in governmental and higher education budgeting at the state level and reports findings of a national survey of state higher education finance officers. Finds that only eight states have PF in place and that most have no plans to implement PF for higher education. (ERIC ED 391 406, 40 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Christopher B. Clott
Saint Xavier University

The Effects of Environment, Strategy, Culture, and Resource Dependency on Perceptions of Organizational Effectiveness of Schools of Business. Utilizes causal modeling procedures to identify relationships among various predictor variables [End Page 230] in determining organizational effectiveness in a survey of 304 academic deans. Finds that internal organizational culture has the most influence on organizational effectiveness. (ERIC ED 391 407, 32 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Ya-Rong Huang
University of California, Los Angeles

The Accentuation Effect of Academic Majors on Undergraduate Work Values and Holland's Theory. Analysis of student data (N = 3,000) finds that the six types of student majors (classified by Holland's theory of career choice) differ significantly on most of five work values: career eminence, financial success, administrative leadership, expression of artistic creativity, and altruism. (ERIC ED 391 408, 28 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Leonard Springer, Betsy Palmer, Patrick T. Terenzini, Ernest T. Pascarella, Amaury Nora
Pennsylvania State University, University of Illinois, Chicago

Participation in a Racial or Cultural Awareness Workshop and Attitudes toward Diversity on Campus. Examines the effectiveness of racial and cultural awareness programs on the attitudes of 1,061 white first-year undergraduates at 17 institutions. Finds that sex and major field are significantly related to precollegiate attitudes toward diversity and that students who participate in awareness workshops develop more favorable attitudes toward diversity. (ERIC ED 391 409, 30 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Becky Ropers-Huilman
University of Wisconsin, Madison

Responsive Work: Student Impact on the Construction of Feminist Teaching. Analyzes interviews with 22 female university faculty using feminist poststructuralist principles. Examines how teachers incorporate student experience into their teaching, identity construction in feminist teaching, political identity, and identity as a teaching tool. (ERIC ED 391 410, 26 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Catherine M. Millett, Susan MacKenzie
University of Michigan

An Exploratory Study of the Role of Financial Aid in Minority Doctoral Education. Analyzes data on 7,318 master's and doctoral students. Finds that minority students are more likely than nonminorities to receive fellowships but are less likely to receive administrative assistantships. Students in pure fields are more likely than those in applied fields to receive financial aid. (ERIC ED 391 411, 34 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.) [End Page 231]

Anthony Lising Antonio
University of California, Los Angeles

Making Social Comparisons: Black and White Peer Group Influence in College. Analyzes data on 425 African American first-year college students at predominantly white institutions. Finds similar characteristics in the peer groups of African American and white students. Although entering characteristics are the most instrumental in affecting self-concept and political orientation, peer group influence is evident. (ERIC ED 391 412, 41 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Glen A. Jones, Michael L. Skolnik
Ontario Institute for Studies in Education

Governing Boards in Canadian Universities: Characteristics, Role, Function, Accountability, and Representativeness. Analyzes survey data of governing boards and board members of Canadian universities. Finds that most responding institutions possess a bicameral governance structure. Compared with U.S. boards, Canadian boards include more students, faculty, and females and are appointed by a greater variety of methods. (ERIC ED 391 413, 30 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Carolyn Sue Hull-Toye
University of Memphis

Persistence Based upon Degree Aspirations. Analyzes data from 1,473 students attending 261 institutions to evaluate a causal model for college persistence. Model theorizes that ability, socioeconomic status, satisfaction, and commitment four years into the college experience will have effects similar to those of original degree aspirations upon the subsequent measure of aspirations. (ERIC ED 391 414, 53 pp., MF $1.34, PC $11.91 + postage.)

Jessica S. Korn
University of California, Los Angeles

Tolerating the Intolerable: Examining College Students' Attitudes about Date Rape. Analyzes survey responses by 10,155 college freshmen at 76 colleges and universities. Finds that 90% of incoming students are intolerant of date rape. Native American freshmen are most intolerant of date rape, followed in descending order by Puerto Ricans, Caucasians, Asian Americans, Chicano/Hispanic, and African American freshmen. (ERIC ED 391 415, 71 pp., MF $1.34, PC $11.91 + postage.)

Therese S. Eyermann
University of California, Los Angeles

Destiny Challenged: Cost and Choice Factors Related to Low Income Student Matriculation at a Private Institution. Reports interviews with eight students from [End Page 232] low-income families attending a small, Christian liberal arts college. Finds that students do not receive significant financial support from parents, have chosen the institution for its size and atmosphere, worry about costs, and rely on grants, loans, and/or part-time employment. (ERIC ED 391 416, 43 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Heather H. Kim, James R. Valadez
Educational Testing Service, North Carolina State University

Reexamination of the Model Minority Stereotype: An Analysis of Factors Affecting Higher Education Aspirations of Asian American Students. Compares longitudinal data on 973 Asian American, 939 African American, 934 Latino, and 974 white students. Finds that Asian Americans as a group excell educationally over other groups but do not achieve higher occupational status. Parental expectation, self-concept, and vision affect educational aspiration for all groups. (ERIC ED 391 417, 55 pp., MF $1.34, PC $11.91 + postage.)

Florence A. Hamrick, Frances K. Stage
Iowa State University, Indiana University

Student Predisposition to College in High Minority Enrollment, High School Lunch Participation Schools. Evaluates longitudinal data on about 2,000 students from schools with large percentages of low-income students of various ethnic groups. Finds that ethnicity is the only background variable significantly associated with participation in school activities in eighth grade. Such participation is insignificant in modeling predisposition to attend college. (ERIC ED 391 418, 43 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Gordon Gates
Washington State University

Moral Education: Current Instruction and Practice in Three Higher Education Disciplines. Examines moral values embedded in instruction by observing 46 undergraduate classes in three disciplines. Finds that the relationship between faculty and students is less important than their respective relationships to the content. Differences between hard-sciences/mathematics, social studies, and humanities are identified. (ERIC ED 391 419, 29 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Celina M. Sima, William E. Denton
University of Illinois, Chicago

Reasons for and Products of Faculty Sabbatical Leaves. Examines 193 sabbatical applications and 125 sabbatical reports. Finds that 3.8% of the faculty are on sabbatical at any one time and that 164 sabbaticals were completed. Enumerates completed [End Page 233] products (manuscripts, articles, papers, grant proposals, presentations, new courses). (ERIC ED 391 420, 23 pp., MF $1.34, PC $3.97 + postage.)

Cynthia F. Burns
College of William and Mary

Higher Education Institutions and Property Taxation: The Hidden Costs of Local Community Financial Stress. Examines current trends in local property tax assessment on institutions of higher education. Reviews cases in which local governments have challenged the tax-exempt status of specific institutions. Notes strategies used by local governments. (ERIC ED 391 421, 43 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Robert T. McFarland, Julie H. Caplow
Washington University, University of Missouri, Columbia

Faculty Perspectives of Doctoral Persistence within Arts and Science Disciplines. Interviews 40 faculty in six disciplines. Finds that faculty perspectives and expectations of doctoral students conflict with faculty expectations that students will be assertive and independent. Faculty do not recognize the unequal power relationship between students and faculty. Faculty take little responsibility for the progress of their students. (ERIC ED 391 422, 22 pp., MF $1.34, PC $3.97 + postage.)

Marisol Arredondo
University of California, Los Angeles

Faculty-Student Interaction: Uncovering the Types of Interactions that Raise Undergraduate Degree Aspirations. Analysis of data on 1985 college freshmen and follow-up in 1989. Finds that, as the amount of contact with faculty increases, so do student degree aspirations. Students who spend more hours with faculty, who are invited to professors' homes, or who work on a professor's research project are more likely to aspire to graduate study than other students. (ERIC ED 391 423, 24 pp., MF $1.34, PC $3.97 + postage.)

Bonnie J. Dekin, Alberto F. Cabrera, W. Paul Vogt, J. Fredericks Volkwein
University at Albany, State University of New York

Condom Use in College: Students' Self-Protection Against HIV. Surveys 212 sexually active university students. Finds that knowledge about HIV is high; however, a substantial number engage in high-risk behavior for HIV infection, especially alcohol consumption, drug use, or inconsistency in using condoms. Race, gender, parental education, and family income are not related to condom usage. (ERIC ED 391 424, 29 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.) [End Page 234]

Gary R. Ratcliff
Penn State University

The Press as a Policy Actor and Agent of Social Control and the Efforts of Universities to Negotiate Press Performance. Examines the coverage in eight newspapers of six public research universities. Finds that newspapers focuses on consumer advice, policing the university, higher education politics, higher education trends, and social trends. Analyses differing editorial policies. (ERIC ED 391 425, 76 pp., MF $1.34, PC $15.88 + postage.)

Erika Yamasaki
University of California, Los Angeles

The Role of Ethnicity in Conceptualizing and Practicing Leadership in a Japanese-American Student Organization. Examines the gap between Asian American overrepresentation in higher education and underrepresentation in leadership positions by examining leadership in a Japanese American college student organization. Focuses on the role of personal qualities, cultural values, and generational status in students' concepts and practice of leadership. (ERIC ED 391 426, 39 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Sharon S. Goldsmith
University of California, Los Angeles

Beyond Restructuring: Building a University for the 21st Century. Ethnographic study of the recent creation of California State University, Monterey Bay. Highlights efforts to build a future-oriented collective identity with (a) a mission to serve historically undereducated and low-income populations and (b) a commitment to multi-lingual and multi-cultural values, instructional innovation, and collaborative administration. (ERIC ED 391 427, 40 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Chloe D. Little

Grandparents Going to College: Late-Life Students. Interviews 16 adults (aged 70 to 84) enrolled in higher education. Finds that seeking a degree met participants' needs for self-esteem, staying mentally active, caring for self and others, and handling loss. (ERIC ED 391 428, 23 pp., MF $1.34, PC $3.97 + postage.)

Lisa Tsui
University of California, Los Angeles

Boosting Female Ambition: How College Diversity Impacts Graduate Degree Aspirations of Women. Investigates whether various multi-cultural and feminism-related variables at the individual, peer, and institutional levels significantly influence [End Page 235] educational degree ambitions among female undergraduates. Finds that diversity variables at the individual level are substantially more important than those at the institutional or peer level. (ERIC ED 391 429, 23 pp., MF $1.34, PC $3.97 + postage.)

Robert DeBard
Bowling Green University

The Study of Money: Science, Technology or Philosophy? Surveys faculty teaching financial management in 56 higher education programs. Examines whether the "how" or "why" of management is perceived as more important. Finds that two-thirds of courses balance philosophical underpinnings of higher education finance and budget planning/management. (ERIC ED 391 430, 16 pp., MF $1.34; PC $3.97 + postage.)

James Mauch
University of Pittsburgh

Civic Education in the Czech Republic. Describes the transition in civic education in the Czech Republic since the revolution of 1989. Interviews students, faculty, and administrators at the University of South Bohemia and at the Ministry of Education. Reviews education under communism and the role of government and civic education in a postcommunist educational system. (ERIC ED 391 431, 11 pp., MF $1.34, PC $3.97 + postage.)

Kathleen M. Shaw, Howard B. London
Bridgewater State College

Negotiating Class and Cultural Boundaries: Toward an Expanded Definition of the Transfer Process. Examines how students and institutional cultures at four urban community colleges interact to achieve unusually high transfer rates to four-year institutions. Finds that no single pattern emerged, but each institution has a culture that meshes with the attitudes, needs, and aspirations of its student body. (ERIC ED 391 432, 50 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.)

Margaret Wright Sidel
Sheldon Jackson College

Enrollment Management: Do Resource Allocation Decisions Really Make a Difference? Examines resource allocation decisions of 65 members of the Association of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities. Finds that institutions allocate fewer resources to instruction than to noninstructional academic support, student services, and financial assistance. (ERIC ED 391 433, 32 pp., MF $1.34, PC $7.94 + postage.) [End Page 236]

Steve Graham, Irv Cockriel
University of Missouri, Columbia

Indexes to Assess Social and Personal Development and the Impact of College. Evaluates the effects of college on the personal and social self-concept of 9,400 undergraduate students using the American College Testing Program's College Outcomes Survey. Identifies four factors as significant: intra-personal development, personal valuing and moral development, social leadership, and civic involvement and awareness. (ERIC ED 391 434, 25 pp., MF $1.34, PC $3.97 + postage.)

Sharon Fries-Britt
University of Maryland

Voices of Gifted Black Students. Compares 15 black recipients of math/science scholarships at the University of Maryland with white students having similar academic credentials. Finds black achiever isolation, the high value placed on meeting and studying with other talented black students, and the importance of strong relationships among faculty and students. (ERIC ED 391 435, 22 pp., MF $1.34, PC $3.97 + postage.)

Monique Weston Clague
University of Maryland

The Missed Link: Fordice and Podberesky, Faculty "Remnants" of Jim Crow and Minority Fellowship Support Programs. Examines links between the limited numbers of minority faculty in higher education and the availability of targeted scholarship programs. Analyses U.S. & Ayers v. Fordice (a Mississippi higher education desegregation case) and Podberesky v. Kirwan (a Maryland desegregation case). (ERIC ED 391 436, 78 pp., MF $1.34, PC $15.88 + postage.)

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